DUP: Cornelia Harriet Hales Horne Clayton

Your initial reaction may be one of disgust (one naturally thinks of hairballs!) or disdain (how often did they wash their hair anyway?). Intricate designs of human hair, fastidiously fashioned into flowers, trees, and abstract designs, came to represent a Victorian ideal of nostalgia, elaborate texture, and ostentatious ornamentation in the memory of ancient human relics of the Saints.

DUP Eliza Wilson Cleghorn

Nineteenth-century Mormons were not one step behind their American counterparts. Women as well as men worked actively to imitate popular patterns, using tools advertised in Eastern magazines, presenting their work to revered family members and church leaders, and decorating their homes and even their holy temples with hair art. Fuzzy hair balls continue to hang in various DUP museums throughout Utah as a relic of the past.

DUP Hannah Stevens Marks

I am proud to present the first of four posts on Mormon hair wreaths. The first, today, will discuss the historical value of the format, explaining the meaning and the various popular practices. The following three posts in my series will look at specific Mormon hair wreaths and explore their meaning as significant pieces of material culture. One hung in the Manti Temple and now belongs to the LDS Museum of Church History and Art, another hung in the Salt Lake Temple and belongs to the Daughters of Utah Pioneers Museum, and the last was found in the vault of the Relief Society Building.

DUP William Wagstaff watch chain

According to historian Geoffrey Batchen, hair is a type of synecdoche or a memorial symbol: ?Hair, intimate and yet easily removed, is a convenient and pliable stand-in for the body of the missing, memorialized subject.? He continued: ?The hair serves a metonymic memorial function, standing in, as I have noted, for the body of the absent subject.?[1] Once detached from the body, hair continued to stand for that individual as a physical marker.[2] While hair on a living person changes color and texture over time, cutting and saving locks was a common way to mark the passage from infancy to old age, preserving a specific moment of time much like a photograph.[3] People often preserved clips of hair from a baby?s first hair cut, to the locks of a romantic interest, to cutting a piece at a dear one?s death. Locks of George Washington appear all over the place; therefore it does not seem weird that early Mormons saved Joseph Smith?s hair. This physical connection to their prophet revealed their testimony of him and a personal relationship with the great man.

DUP Susannah Fullmer Snyder flower sprays

In many religious beliefs, hair is considered sacred. Several biblical references connect hair with purity.[4] Others link the number of hairs on the head with a loving God who seeks to restore all things physical and spiritual.[5] Orthodox Jewish women covered their hair with wigs or scarves. While contemporary Mormon women have not (thankfully) continued this tradition, efforts at perfectly coiffed hair continue in Mormon cultural practices as popular haircuts appear throughout Mormon cultural regions.

DUP Sarah Elizabeth Perry Stratton

Artifacts made of human hair, including pictures, rings, necklaces, brooches, pins, earrings, and wreaths, popularized in Scandinavia, France, Germany, and England in the late eighteenth century and later in the rest of Europe and the United States.[6] Perhaps the high Scandinavian population in Sanpete County influenced the inclusion of a hair wreath in the Manti Temple. According to historian Stuart Blersch, expanded leisure time for the middle class during the Industrial Age, produced a Victorian fascination with handcrafts. [7] Infatuation with death and mourning, stemming from classical antiquity with the ideology of Memento Mori, (literally, ?remember you must die?), supported the rise in popularity of mourning jewelry and the inclusion of hair work, carrying physical reminders of mortality.[8] By the mid-1800s, mass production of hair jewelry in America increased in popularity, heightening in the 1840s and 1850s. While originally created by professionals, soon amateurs and many women in the middle class picked up the practice, with designs printed in Godey?s Ladies Book and Peterson?s magazines.[9]

DUP Martha Mellon Howells

Hair proved to be a very workable material. According to Victorian historian Frances Lichten, ?because of its lightness, toughness, and pliability, hair could be fashioned into the most intricate of braided and woven devices.?[10] Hair was first washed with water and baking soda or borax, then hung to dry. Divided into bunches of strands, each bunch was knotted with a small weight tied together with pack thread. The ends of the hair were gummed together with a mixture of wax and shellac and melted together. The hair was then sewn or woven into jewelry or manipulated into pictures.[11] Designs were made with a cut-and-paste technique developed in the eighteenth century. Strands of hair were laid on gossamer paper, then simultaneously separated and glued with a palette-type instrument or a camel-hair knife. This hair was then air-dried and cut into any shape or design desired. Popular motifs included flowers, plants, trees, birds, butterflies, and bees. Other jewelry projects required hair weaving, similar to the process of making bobbin lace. Hair was arranged in bundles on a circular table with hooks, loops, and weights. Sometimes the hair was placed on a small curling iron, then held over a candle to heat it into shape without burning the hair.[12]

DUP Lusannah Emeline Goodridge Hovey

Thus hair proved to be a resourceful, usable medium for Mormon settlers in Utah. Hair was much more accessible than fabric, even, as women simply saved up the hair left in their brushes. Hair connected women and men to their families as well as their social groups, indicating much about their relationships. Hair art, then, tells about the makers and the communities they worked to preserve.

DUP hair receiver

Hair was then constructed into jewelry, placed in lockets, and even collected like signatures in friendship albums. Hair wreaths ranged anywhere from one to four feet in diameter and were often framed in shadow boxes to hold their three-dimensional forms. Because of their ornate quality, hair wreaths were often prominently displayed in parlors.[13] Historian Josh Probert believed that the placement of hair wreaths in LDS temples, either in the Celestial room or the hallway just outside, revealed valuable information about temple ideology. ?The celestial room is, after all, an oversized Victorian parlor. It looks much like what the Rockefellers, Astors, and Vanderbilts were building at the same time on the East Coast. To have a hair work piece hanging in a Victorian home made sense in terms of interior design.?[14]

Common themes to look forward to: hair art as an example of LDS belief in resurrection; the melding of the hair of family and friends as a community or church family tree; and the display of hair art as material culture of female religious authority.