Despite being a member of the first Quorum of the Twelve, to most members of the church today William E. McLellin, if he’s known at all, is associated primarily with D&C 67. The revelation was received at the November 1831 conference, where the publication of Joseph Smith’s revelations was discussed in detail. JS asked the brethren present if they would testify of the commandments and revelations he had received, and when not all of those present felt comfortable doing so, D&C 67 issued a challenge for the “wisest” among them to reproduce “the least that is among them [i.e., the commandments]” (v. 6). McLellin, a school teacher, volunteered. JS later wrote that “Wm. E. McLellin, as the wisest man in his own estimation, having more learning than sense, endeavored to write a commandment like unto one of the least of the Lord’s, but failed; it was an awful responsibility to write int he name of the Lord. The elders, and all present, that witnessed this vain attempt of a man to imitate the language of Jesus” (PJS, 1:367). The failed experiment apparently convinced those present, and “the brethren arose in turn and bore witness to the truth of the Book of Commandments. After which br. Joseph Smith jr arose & expressed his feelings and gratitude.”
McLellin left the church in 1838, which probably contributed to his limited presence in popular Mormon historical consciousness. Those who didn’t make it West more often than not got forgotten or downplayed (IIRC, Harper doesn’t mention that McLellin was an apostle in his discussion of D&C 66 in Making Sense). However, within a few months of the November hearing, JS apparently asked McLellin again to seek and write a formal revelation. On January 25, 1832, McLellin asked JS to inquire about an important matter. JS replied:
Do you inquire of God and I will pray for you that you may obtain. I did receive and wrote it. And when I read it to him he shed tears of joy, and said to me, “Brother William, that is the mind and the will of God, and as much a revelation as I ever received in my life. You have written it by the true spirit of inspiration.” But from this circumstance I never was vain enough to supposed that “I was planted in Joseph’s stead,” nor that it was my duty or privilege to receive by revelation laws or regulations for the whole church. I knew better. But at that time I saw, heard, and felt what I wrote. Tere [sic] and then I learned a principle, and was put in possession of a power that I never shall forget. I learned to know the voice of the Spirit of God clothed in words. And if I had heeded its voice from that day to this, I should have missed many?very many difficulties through which I have passed? (McLellin to Orson Pratt, April 29, 1854, as quoted in Shipps and Welch, eds., The Journals of William E. McLellin, 301).
If McLellin’s memory is reliable here (I haven’t looked at the William E. McLellin Papers, so there’s likely some context I’m missing), then here’s an interesting example of JS encouraging his followers to receive formal, written revelations in a similar fashion to those the Prophet was receiving. Of course, McLellin makes the distiction clear that the revelation was only for himself, and not for the church as a whole, so this doesn’t fall into the same category as Oliver Cowdery’s Articles of the Church of Christ or Hiram Page’s seerstone revelations. As far as I know, we don’t have the text that McLellin wrote down in 1831, but we do have at least one he recorded in 1847 in Kirtland. But this makes me wonder how frequently this happened in the early church, that rather than JS receiving a written revelation for someone else (like JS had done for McLellin in D&C 66), JS encouraged that person to seek it themselves and write it down.
Mark Grandstaff, who I believe teaches at BYU, published a useful article on McLellin and the November 1831 conference in Dialogue that is worth reading in conjunction with this post.
This is really interesting. I think we would have to conclude that this was pretty rare, given the paucity of evidence to the contrary, but if more of these kinds of encouraged revelations were found, it could be a game-changer.
Comment by SC Taysom — November 18, 2010 @ 1:37 pm
Another great post, David, and a wonderful counter-example to Booth’s letters. These are important issues regarding early Mormon thought. Are you by chance working on something engaging early LDS tensions of democratic- and centralized- revelatory power?
Also, you will eventually want to check out the essays in the recent McLellin Papers volume by Signature. Not only does it have scores of great McLellin documents, but it has some wonderful historical essays that historicize this complex figure. Specifically, Thomas Alexander and (gasp) Mike Quinn have excellent articles on McLellin’s selective memory, personalized reconstruction of early Mormon history, and the task of later Mormon thinkers in dealing with early Mormonism’s legacy.
Comment by Ben — November 18, 2010 @ 2:07 pm
SC, this may be an outlier, but it’s a tantalizing outlier. At minimum, it is interesting given the context of D&C 67, but if it represents a broader phenomenon, it would add some considerable complexity to how we understand the cultural function of revelation in the early years.
Ben: I’m not working on anything formal; this is just for fun, at least for now. I’m becoming more and more fascinated with the commandments as cultural phenomena, not only in their textual history but also in how the early Saints understood them as artifacts. You’re right, I need to check out the McLellin papers (and get around to reading all of the journals), as they may shed some light not only on this McLellin reminiscence but on other aspects of the early revelatory culture. Thankfully, the McLellin papers aren’t one of Signature’s limited editions that can only be purchased for $500 or so.
Comment by David G. — November 18, 2010 @ 2:14 pm
McLellin received and transcribed the revelation you mentioned from Joseph Smith to him[ D&C 66] just three days before the November 1, 1831 conference. I wonder if that proximity to the process influenced the events of the conference at all.
It seems to me that Joseph Smith’s encouragement of Cowdery to speak by way of commandment but not write by way of commandment (a la Robin’s work) is the best way to see any continued decentralization of revelation. If Smith did encourage McLellin to receive a revelation (which wouldn’t surprise me), I would imagine he would have encouraged him to not write it.
Comment by J. Stapley — November 18, 2010 @ 5:14 pm
David, you’re on a roll with these recent posts. Great stuff.
I?m becoming more and more fascinated with the commandments as cultural phenomena, not only in their textual history but also in how the early Saints understood them as artifacts.
Yes. More of this, please. I know this is a little premature, but do you have any interest in putting together a session on this for MHA 2012? I’ve been working on something related. Let’s chat soon.
Comment by Christopher — November 18, 2010 @ 8:34 pm
When were patriarchal blessings more or less formalized? Isn’t that basically the same thing? Written revelation from outside the leadership.
Comment by Clark — November 18, 2010 @ 9:03 pm
The patriarch is established in Dec. 1833 if I remember right, but doesn’t get going until the next year and in full swing after that. But it seems to me that there is a categorical difference between prophetic blessings in the voice of the patriarch or anyone else and commandments/revelations in the voice of the Lord by Joseph or anyone else. The act of recording it though did carry a metaphysical valence, I think.
Comment by J. Stapley — November 18, 2010 @ 9:22 pm
Great stuff, David. In this context (and that of the previous post), what do you think about Emer Harris’ assertion in the 1850s that Joseph Smith had the Hiram Page revelations burned and the stone ground to powder? It would seem that such a dramatic act would have been recorded somewhere, likely by Booth since he was on the subject of the “many rolls” of revelations that Page produced, yet nothing outside of Harris is recorded (that I know of).
Comment by Jared T — November 18, 2010 @ 10:36 pm
J: I wouldn’t doubt that D&C 66 shaped in some way the November conference, but at this point I’m not sure exactly how. To speculate, McLellin recalled that he had five specific questions he wanted answered in D&C 66, but that he hadn’t told JS about, and that McLellin rejoiced when he found that all five were answered in the commandment. He was fascinated with the way written commandments worked in transmitted the will of the Lord, so that may have influenced his willingness to try out D&C 67’s challenge. As for the Oliver Cowdery precedent in D&C 28:4-5, where he’s told he can give oral commandments, but not written ones, that’s in the context of revelations to the church. But McLellin’s explicitly describing a personal revelation, so I think it’s a different situation here. Now, there are other reasons to be skeptical, most notably that the letter was written quite a bit later, and he neglected to note the experience in his journal entry for that day, but I don’t think that necessarily leads us to conclude he made it up later.
Chris: Thanks. As I mentioned to Ben, at this point I’m not planning on doing anything formal with this stuff, although by next year I may change my mind. But for the time being, most of my research time, and all of my research dollars, are going into the dissertation, which is pretty far afield from this.
Clark: I agree with J. that we’re dealing with a different category of written commandment/revelation here. This isn’t a set apart patriarch pronouncing a blessing, it’s an individual Latter-day Saint receiving his own revelation and apparently writing it down in the same or similar revelatory language as JS. I wish we had the actual document, but the 1847 text is written in the same formate and voice as many of JS’s texts.
Jared: Yeah, I don’t know how reliable the Harris recollection is. You’d think Booth would mention crushing the stone, but then again, Booth didn’t come into the church until a year or so after the Page incident, so he’d be relying on second hand information.
Comment by David G. — November 18, 2010 @ 11:10 pm
J. and David, while there are obviously some significant differences between patriarchs and the prophet, it seems that one can’t take the difference as over written revelations. That’s my only real point: there is and has always been this institutionalized form of written revelations. The nature is narrower but still prominent.
I think the issue is more that we tend to separate Joseph from everyone else and think he had this special textual role. In one sense this is undeniable. No one else has translated texts. No one else has had the level of revelation Joseph had. Even the prominent non-Joseph texts (say D&C 138 or 136) seem a bit different. Yet I’m just not sure there is quite the difference folks take as the default position. The McLellin example above is fantastic obviously. But it seems to me that, independent of Page, there has always been the granting of and recording of revelations. Just not on behalf of the whole body of the Church. (Which of course applies to Patriarchs as well)
So I guess ultimately I’m just suggesting the distinction you justly raise is at best one of degree rather than kind.
An obvious but controversial later example is the purported revelation of the last days that Woodruff found in the temple and that was (almost certainly erroneously) attributed to John Taylor. It seems someone thought recording such things fine.
Comment by Clark — November 19, 2010 @ 11:47 am
I don’t have my research with me, but this reminds me of at least two other times when someone wrote (by JS’s authorization) a revelation for themselves: Emma Smith just before JS left for Carthage jail and Oliver Cowdery sometime in Kirtland (recalled by Kimball if I remember correctly). My sense is that this was a rare occasion–but not unheard of.
Comment by Robin Jensen — November 19, 2010 @ 12:24 pm
Thanks, Robin. Awesome. So McLellin’s recollection isn’t as much of an outlier as I first assumed. I wonder how many other examples like this there are, and if any of the texts have survived.
Comment by David G. — November 19, 2010 @ 12:36 pm
This would be out of the time/type frame here, but HCK I think wrote patriarchal blessings for himself.
Comment by WVS — November 19, 2010 @ 12:47 pm